Sleep and Nocturia in Under Age 50 Male Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome

Objectives@#To investigate the prevalence of nocturia in young patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and to find out the risk factors of nocturia in the patients. @*Methods@#We enrolled 415 untreated male OSAS patients (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI ≥5/h on polysomnography) who were under 50 years old (mean age 37.5±8.0 years). Participants completed Korean version of Beck depression inventory II (K-BDI-II), Pittsburgh sleep quality index-Korean (PSQI-K), insomnia severity index (ISI), and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). Participants were classified into nocturia and non-nocturia group according to the following question “Do you find yourself waking up to urinate more than twice each night?” All information was compared between two groups. @*Results@#22.7% (94/415) of patients reported to have nocturia. Patients with nocturia had higher score of K-BDI-II, PSQI-K, ISI, and ESS although their age and the proportion of consumption of alcohol or caffeine and metabolic diseases were not different from patients without nocturia. AHI was not significantly higher in nocturia group (38.0±29.2/h) than non-nocturia group (32.8±25.7/h, p=0.118), however, parameters indicating sleep quality were worse in nocturia group, i.e. lesser non-rapid eye movement sleep stage 3 (N3) sleep % and higher arousal index, total apnea index, and 90% oxygen desaturation index (ODI). 90% ODI and N3 sleep % were revealed to be independent factors associated with nocturia. @*Conclusions@#Considerable numbers of male OSAS patients who are under 50 years suffer from nocturia and they have worse sleep quality compared to non-nocturia patients. Higher oxygen desaturation and lesser N3 sleep % are highly predictive factors for nocturia rather than AHI in these patients.

A Vasculitis, Caused by Neurocysticercosis, Can Mimic Moyamoya Disease

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common central nervous system parasite infection, frequently produces seizure, headache, or hydrocephalus as clinical manifestations. Cerebral vasculitis is an infrequent complication of the clinical phenotype of NCC. Moreover, NCC involving basal cerebral arteries, including distal internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery, has rarely been reported. Therefore, we present a case of NCC with moyamoya-like basal cerebral arterial steno-occlusive disease with an emphasis on the differential diagnosis.